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Brown whipray
The brown whipray (''Himantura toshi'') is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, common in inshore, muddy habitats along the northern coast of Australia. It has often been confused in literature for the honeycomb stingray (''H. uarnak'') and the black-spotted whipray (''H. astra''), which until recently was thought to be the same species. This species has an angular, diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc and a long, very thin tail without fin folds. It is plain brown above, sometimes with white dots or flecks near the edge of the disc, and white below; the tail is dark all over, with alternating dark and light bands near the tip. The maximum recorded disc width is .
The diet of the brown whipray consists of crustaceans and small bony fishes. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous; females produce litters of 1–2 young and supply them with histotroph ("uterine milk") during gestation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the brown whipray under Least Concern because most of its range lies within Australian waters, where it is caught by prawn trawlers but at only minimal levels since the mandatory installation of bycatch reduction devices. However, larger numbers are caught in the Arafura Sea and marketed for meat, skin, and cartilage.
==Taxonomy==
The first known specimen of the brown whipray was a male across, collected from the estuary of the Clarence River in New South Wales. Australian ichthyologist David George Stead received it in November 1903 and reported it as a honeycomb stingray (''H. uarnak''). Gilbert Percy Whitley came to recognize the specimen as a distinct species and described it in a 1939 issue of ''Australian Zoologist'', naming it in honor of Queensland marine biologist James Tosh. Nevertheless, multiple subsequent publications would continue to misidentify brown whiprays as juvenile honeycomb stingrays.
In 2004, Mabel Manjaji grouped the brown whipray with ''H. fai'', ''H. gerrardi'', ''H. jenkinsii'', ''H. leoparda'', ''H. uarnak'', and ''H. undulata'' in the 'uarnak' species complex.〔Manjaji, B.M. (2004). ''Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the Indo-Pacific Whip-Tailed Stingray genus ''Himantura'' Müller & Henle 1837 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae)''. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Tasmania.〕 The black-spotted whipray (''H. astra'') is a recently described, closely related species that was initially thought to be the same as ''H. toshi''.〔 Undescribed, related forms have also been documented from Indonesia and New Guinea. Other common names for this ray include coachwhip ray, Tosh's longtail ray, and Tosh's whipray.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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